Microbes: New Weapon Against Agricultural Pests In Africa

By Busani Bafana
IPS Contributing Writer

BULAWAYO, Zimbabwe, April 10, 2017 (IPS) — Microscopic soil organisms could be an environmentally friendly way to control crop pests and diseases, and even protect agriculture against the impacts of climate change, a leading researcher says.

Africa is battling an outbreak of trans-boundary pests and diseases, like the invasive South America fall army worm (FAW), tomato leaf miner and the TR4, which have cost the agriculture sector millions of dollars in crop damage.

“Research from our labs at Auburn University has shown a great potential in microbes for helping fight pests, and we have done some research on fall army worm that are pests in turf grass,” said Dr. Esther Ngumbi, a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology at the Auburn University in Alabama, United States.

Ngumbi’s research has looked at how beneficial soil microbes help recruit natural enemies.

Microbes are tiny organisms like bacteria and fungi that interact with the soil and plants. Though not widely appreciated in much of Africa, Ngumbi said microbial formulations have been found to improve plant growth and protect crops from insects, drought and other climate-related extremes.

Researchers also say microbes can help preserve the environment, threatened by growing reliance on chemical solutions, in fighting crop and livestock trans-boundary pests and diseases. Pesticides pose a threat to food safety, human and ecological health, necessitating the promotion of non-chemical alternatives to handling pests.

Researchers at Auburn University have worked on beneficial soil bacteria/microbes, specifically plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The soil-dwelling bacteria that colonize plant roots have beneficial effects, of increasing plant growth and enhancing the ability of plants to fight off herbivorous insect pests, such as the beet army worm — Spodoptera exigua — and the fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to which they have a direct toxic effect.

First reported in Sao Tome and Principe in January 2016, the crop-eating pest has affected thousands of hectares of crops in Namibia, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe to date.

The pest, which is difficult to control with one type of pesticide, can cause extensive crop damage of up to 73 percent in the field. It also attacks non-cereal crops, including potato, groundnut, spinach, tomato, cabbage, soybeans, cotton and tobacco.

In Brazil, the fall army worms have a cost of 600 million dollars a year to control.

“Chemicals are a quick fix and short-term solution to insect pest control and also kill the predators of the pests.” –Dr. Christian Thierfelder

Dr. Christian Thierfelder, Senior Cropping Systems Agronomist at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Southern Africa Regional Office, says poor identification of the pest, delayed response to the outbreak in November 2016, because the pest has never been encountered before in Southern Africa.

“Everyone was classifying it [FAW] as a stalk borer or the American bollworm, but they were all wrong. This new pest has now been identified as the fall army,worm and people started extensively using pesticides – some of them not yet registered,” Thierfelder told IPS.

“Chemicals are a quick fix and short-term solution to insect pest control and also kill the predators of the pests. This affects the environment and also birds, which feed on caterpillars, making it important to focus more on alternative ways, through biological solutions such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), crop diversification and intercropping.”

The use of IPM has been recommended to deal with insect pests. Integrated Pest Management is an approach that seeks to minimize and rationalize the use of chemicals.

The approach promotes the use of safer alternatives to pesticides, like bio-control and cultural practices. These include resistant cultivars to control insect pests and diseases, crop rotation and diversification at the plot and landscape, monitoring of insect pests, using pheromone traps and seed treatment with beneficial soil rhizobacteria to reduce soil and foliar diseases.

Thierfelder said, during extensive field tours in southern Africa, he observed less damage in early planted maize fields, under conservation agriculture, intercropped with pigeon peas or cow peas and with some trees nearby.

“Here the attack of the fall army worm was minimal,” said Thierfelder. “This shows that nature can help us in biological pest control, as predators can hide in those diversified landscapes and control the pest.”

FAO Sub-regional Coordinator for southern Africa, David Phiri, says the fall army worm has threatened food security in the region, because it is new and exposed the need to invest in surveillance systems.

“We do not have ready-made control mechanisms for the fall army worm and we worry that pesticides used, indiscriminately, might actually contribute to environmental damage and also contribute to pesticide resistance,” Phiri said.

He added that, “We need to take the issue of monitoring and surveillance very seriously. Historically FAO has been trying to inform and convince governments that they should try to monitor, as a matter of course, not just monitor when there is a threat, because there might be pests and disease coming into the region.”

According to the 2017 FAO report, “The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges,” public investment is required to catalyze and support private investment. Investment in R&D has to be associated with the development of infrastructure and services, to prevent and control the spread of pests and diseases, including trans-boundary ones and mechanisms that help reduce risks.

Rob Vos, Director of FAO’s Social Policies and Rural Institutions Division and one of the authors of the report, told IPS that the threats posed by biological invasions and outbreaks of existing trans-boundary pests, highlight the importance of investing in agricultural research to rapidly respond to threats.

“The nature of trans-boundary pests requires management on an international scale with countries coordinating their efforts. FAW is a highly mobile pest. The threat it poses to maize production and food security in Africa, is not confined to individual countries, but affects the entire region,” Vos said.

“Successful management of recurrent and new threats, such as FAW, is likely to be best achieved through collaboration among governments and international and national organizations.”